Biosafety Laboratory
biosafety laboratory (Biosafety laboratory ), also known as biosafety protection laboratory (Biosafety containment for laboratories), is a biological laboratory and animal laboratory that can avoid or control the harmful biological factors being operated and meet the biosafety requirements through protective barriers and management measures.
Biosafety laboratories are facilities that specialize in the study and treatment of highly hazardous or potentially hazardous microorganisms. The goal is to prevent the leakage or accidental release of these microorganisms into the environment and to ensure the safety of workers and the public. These laboratories usually take strict precautions, including advanced filtration systems, negative pressure spaces and strict compliance with operating procedures to minimize risks.
biosafety laboratories play a vital role in responding to public health emergencies. When faced with the threat of new pathogens, these laboratories can respond quickly and conduct relevant research in order to formulate effective prevention and control measures in time. For example, in the early days of the COVID-19 outbreak, biosafety laboratories became the main venue for testing and research on the new coronavirus, providing important support for the global fight against the epidemic.
laboratory is a necessary place for scientific research. According to the risk level, including the infectivity and harmfulness of infectious agents, the biological laboratory is divided into P1,P2,P3 and P4 according to the Biosafety level (BSL).
Class I biosafety laboratory:
is abbreviatedBSL-1, abbreviated as P1 in Russian, can be called basic laboratory
level ii biosafety laboratory:
is abbreviatedBSL-2, abbreviated as P2 in Russian, can be called a safety laboratory.
level iii biosafety laboratory:
is abbreviatedBSL-3, abbreviated as P3 in Russian, can be called a high-security laboratory.
level iv biosafety laboratory:
is abbreviatedBSL-4, known as P4 in Russian, can be called the most (highly) safe laboratory.
P1-P4 laboratory is also divided according to the safety level.its strict rating from low to high
The construction of biosafety laboratories shall comply with the published Technical Specifications for the Construction of Biosafety Laboratories. According to the Code, P2 laboratories should have primary and secondary barriers, and P3 and P4 laboratories should have primary and secondary barriers.
primary barrier ensures the isolation between the experimental operator and the operated object, including biological safety cabinet, positive pressure protective clothing, etc. The secondary barrier secures the biosafety laboratory from the external environment, including ventilation systems. Thus, the primary and secondary barriers are protective umbrellas for the experimenters and the external environment, respectively. The P3 and P4 level laboratories include the main laboratory, the main laboratory buffer room, the isolation corridor, the protective clothing changing room, the preparation room, the shower area, etc., which are stipulated in the building technical specifications. Ultra-high cleaning level, constant temperature, humidity and pressure range are the guarantee of experimental safety.
biosafety level
Basic Laboratory-Level I Biosafety Level
basic laboratories are suitable for laboratories that have been determined not to cause any immediate disease in adults or to pose minimal risk to laboratory personnel and laboratory personnel. These laboratories can handle a wide range of common pathogens, such as canine infectious hepatitis, non-infectious Escherichia coli, and non-infectious bacteria and tissue culture. The measures required to protect against the biohazards of the problem at this level are minimal, some gloves and face protection are required, and laboratory personnel must be supervised and trained in advance in the procedures performed in the laboratory by scientists trained in general microbiology or related sciences.
Safety Laboratory-Biosafety Level 2
these laboratories are similar to Biosafety Level 1 but have moderate pathogens and are potentially dangerous to people and the environment. This kind of laboratory can deal with more kinds of germs, and the germs only cause mild diseases to human beings, or it is difficult to survive in the aerosol in the laboratory environment. Such as Clostridium difficile, most of the Chlamydia phyla, A; B and hepatitis C, influenza A, BSL-2 BSL-1 differ in:
laboratory personnel and personnel handling pathogens
experiments
taking extreme precautions against contaminated items; performing in biosafety cabinets or other physical containment devices can create
must be carried out in the secondary biosafety cabinet when it may cause infectious gas melt or spray to be manufactured.
Highly Secure Laboratory-Biosafety Level 3
This level is applicable to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or manufacturing facilities that specialize in local or foreign pathogens that may cause serious or potentially fatal disease by inhalation. These pathogens include a variety of bacteria, parasites, and viruses that can cause serious fatal diseases in humans, but treatments have been developed including Bacillus anthracis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Leishmania, Chlamydia psittaci, West Nile virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, SARS coronavirus, Salmonella typhi, Rift Valley fever virus, Rickettsia and yellow fever virus.
laboratory staff must be specifically trained in pathogenic and potentially lethal or pathogenic pathogens and must be supervised by competent scientists with experience in this area.
All procedures involving infectious materials are carried out in a specially designed fume hood in a biosafety cabinet, or by personnel equipped with other physical suppression devices/wearing appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment.
The laboratory has special engineering and design features.
-Level 4 biosafety research
this level requires dealing with dangerous and unknown pathogens that may pose aerosol-transmitted pathogens or pose a high personal risk, and for which there is no known vaccine or treatment, such as Argentine and Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Lhasa fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, smallpox, and various other hemorrhagic diseases.
the use of positive pressure protective clothing with an independent supply of oxygen is necessary and mandatory when dealing with such biohazard pathogens. The four entrances and exits of the biological laboratory will be equipped with multiple showers, vacuum chambers and ultraviolet light chambers, and other safety precautions designed to destroy all traces of biological hazards. Multiple airtight locks will be widely used and electronically protected to prevent two doors from being opened at the same time. All air and water in service, and from biosafety level 4 (or P4) laboratories will undergo similar disinfection procedures to eliminate the possibility of accidental release. When a pathogen is suspected or may be resistant, it must be processed in a BSL-4 laboratory until sufficient data are confirmed. It must continue to work in this specification laboratory or be transferred to a lower level laboratory.
laboratory staff must have specific and in-depth training and understanding of the standards and special measures, containment equipment and design features in dealing with extremely dangerous infectious diseases. They will be supervised by qualified scientists trained to handle these pathogens in the field and access to the laboratory will be strictly controlled by the laboratory supervisor.
The laboratory is a separate building or a building within the control area and is completely isolated from other buildings within the area. And the laboratory must establish a protocol to prevent contamination, often use negative pressurization equipment and prepare or adopt a specific equipment operation manual, so that even if the laboratory is damaged, it will seriously inhibit the outbreak of pathogens transmitted by aerosols, and all activities in the work field are limited to Class III biosafety cabinets or Class II biosafety cabinets, and only people with life support systems and positive pressure ventilation can use them.
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